Background: ‘Elite controllers’ are rare HIV-infected individuals who are able to spontaneously control HIV replication without medication, maintaining viral loads that are consistently below the limits of detection by currently available commercial assays. Objective: To examine studies of elite controllers that may elucidate mechanisms of HIV immune control useful in designing a vaccine. Methods: Recent literature on HIV controllers and studies that have evaluated aspects of viral and host immunology that correlate with viral control are examined. Results/conclusions: Although many elements of innate and adaptive immunity are associated with control of HIV infection, the specific mechanism(s) by which elite controllers achieve control remain undefined. Ongoing studies of elite controllers, including those examining host genetic polymorphisms, should facilitate the definition of an effective HIV-specific immune response and guide vaccine design.